John Dewey - "Conscription of Thought"

Who was John Dewey?
John Dewy (1859 -1952) was a well known American psychologist, philosopher and educator. His philosophies, ideas and teachings have had a great impact on education today. Not only did Dewey make contributions in the fields mentioned but he was also a major inspiration for several movements that shaped the twentieth century. He was a social critic and a political activist who wanted a liberal and progressive democracy.

What is John Dewey's "Conscription of Thought"?
In 1917, John Dewey wrote the article "Conscription of Thought". The article was mainly about the United States and their involvement in World War I. The War began in 1914 when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by the Serbs.

The United State had decided to stay neutral and not join the war. One of the events that started changing the mentality of neutrality was the Sinking of the Lusitania which killed 128 Americans and the Zimmerman Telegram. There seemed to be a split in the country. Some which were opposed to war and others that supported our entry into WWI. Dewey mentions in his article that

"There is probably no one in the country who was not aware that many persons among us were pro-German, in their sympathies; that there were others who were opposed to all war, and yet others who whom this war was unpopular, and others who centered their hostility upon the policy of conscription"

In his article he begins to talk about why people should not oppose our involvement in the war. He supported the United States joining not because he wanted to help the Allies win the war but because he felt that

"We shall have missed the greatest contribution which the war has to make to our future national integrity"

He believed if the United remained neutral,

"We shall have taken a step forward in overcoming a physical and territorial isolation from the world, but shall remain as provincially separate as before in thought and interest."

According to him, we managed to keep our self from the war, we managed not to get in debt and keep our men safe but in the end we also managed to make our country look weak. Which means that the "Big Powers" of the world who viewed us at a lower level before the war, will continue to view us as a weak country because we did not help in the effort to help them win the war.

John Dewey knew that World War I would bring about a great change not only in Europe but to the world. He knew that this war would be historic and the only ones missing from this historic moment would be the United States if they decided not to join the war.

It would not be enough for the United States to remain neutral and try to come to a peace agreement with the rest of the world that was fighting Dewey believed that ultimate American participation

"...should consist not in money nor in men, but in the final determination of peace policies which is made possible by the contribution of men and money"

All in all, John Dewey thought that if the United States joined WWI, we would not be helping the war by helping the Allies win but we would be also doing ourselves a favor by being a part of history. Joining the War would be the United States break through performance which will makes us a bigger and better country. We will gain acknowledgement and support from other countries but also will unite our county and most importantly will show the rest of the World that the United States is a force not to be reckon with.

"Above all we shall have missed the great experience of discovering the significance of American national life by seeing it reflected into a remaking of the life of the world. And without this experience we shall miss the contribution which the war has to make to the creation of a United America"

References:
"Conscription of Thought" - First Published in New Republic 12 (1917): 128 -30

John Dewey - Johnson, James Allen. Foundations of American education: perspectives on education in a changing world. 15th ed. New York: Merrill ;, 2010. Print.

The Conquest of Haiti

In the article, The conquest of Haiti, Herbert J. Seligman has a few talking points in regards to the United States role in occupying Haiti. The article talks about the struggles, Resistance, massacres and military presence/ role that occurred and positive aspects of occupying Haiti. I have selected a few quotes that I would like to elaborate on.

"The history of the American invasion of Haiti is only additional evidence that
the United States is among those Powers in whose international dealings
democracy and freedom are mere words, and human lives negligible in
the face of racial snobbery, political chicane, and money."

The Americans wanted the invasion of Haiti to seem like it was for the benefit for the country or the people of the country when it was for the gains for the Americans. Throughout the whole process of the invasion, the Haitians were treated badly. Many Haitians died from military massacres.

"The invasion was one of defense against any Power which, taking control of Haiti, a weaker state, might use its territory as a base for naval action against the Panama Canal or the Unites States"

How I am understanding this quote from the article; the Americans wanted to protect itself from all that wanted to used the location of Haiti for their own personal defense against any potential attack against the United States or the Panama Canal.

"The American hold fortified by a convention empowering the United states to administer Haitian customs and finance for twenty years, or as much longer as the United states sees fit; and by revised Constitution of Haiti removing the Prohibition against alien ownership of land thus enabling Americans to purchase the most fertile areas in the country." This revision of the

Haitian Constitution was only for financial gain. The Americans took over land that would generate capital and make money off the Haitian land and leave the country in its demise. How is a country to thrive if most of its fertile lands are owned by Americans? How are the fruits of the Haitian labour brought back to the country? OK.... Yes there were a few accomplishments set forth like National Highways were built, all roads practically lead to the capital Port- Au- Prince, National Banks... But all were owned by Americans. Even the Sugar Mills and Lighting plants were owned by Americans. How are the Haitians supposed to prosper off of wealth that does not belong to them?

"One officer remarked to me that if he detest to draw a cartoon of the occupation of Haiti he wold represent a blank man held down by the white soldier, while another white man went through the black man's pocket."

This statement in itself speaks for itself but let me elaborate.... This statement alone represents the racial discrimination on blacks in the country; for instance the reference to the white soldier as apposed to saying a soldier... if this was not racially inspired then Soldier should have been a generalization as apposed to adding race with it. The quotes also talks about the white soldier holding the black man down.... this to me is a reference to the power the whites had over the blacks and the inequality. Lastly, the part of the quote that states " while another white man went through the black man's pocket" represents to me the lack of identity, individuality and loss of family in which the black man has had to deal with. To me this quote speaks truth to what black men and women have gone through throughout history. As people would always say 'This is a black man's struggle" never being able to hold anything down because some one is always taking from you and reminding you of who and what you are.... Inferior to the whites.

Yellow = Propaganda!!

Beware of what you read! If you were reading newspapers during 1883-1904, expect to have your opinions swayed by the editors and owners of these newspapers.

Above you see two, of many headlines, that the New York World published pre-, during, and post- the Spanish American War. Joseph Pulitzer, the same guy that the Pulitzer Prize is named after, owned the New York World during this time. To make this newspaper successful, he invested his time in fabricating and twisting facts to sell, sell, sell!

In "Blood, blood, blood!" and "I saw what was left," the graphic description that is portrayed, makes one think twice, today. Back in 1896, Society had been led to believe that what was printed, was truth, without questioning. Luckily, we are very fortunate to have many fact checkers in publishing world. The practices of Pulitzer and his rival, Hearst (pictured below,) would have whistle blowers going crazy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism

Imperialism-Its Dangers and Wrongs

 Samuel Gompers delivered his speech at the Peace Jubilee in Chicago, IL on October 18, 1898.  This quote is an excerpt of his speech:

"In our country we are perhaps too powerful to incur outside disaster; but
we shall certainly court worse evils at home if we try to benumb the
nation's sense of justice and love of right, and prevent it from striving
earnestly to correct all proved errors."



What is America's next move?
 The world will have to wait and see.

 Thequote by Gompers is referring to the power of the United States of America and its role in the annexation of the Philippines resulting in the migration of the Chinese, Negritos and the Malays to our country. It is a known fact that physical aggression towards a country reaps repercussions such as immigration of individuals with lower standards of living invading a country with social and financial opportunities such as America. Despite the fact that America has not had a skirmish on their own territory in more than thirty years, they are not above asserting their military authority in the annexation of other nations.  This poses an important question:  Is it fair for the United States to strong-arm the natives of the Philippines under our rule? If we do, it is certain that more lives will be taken and bloodshed is inevitable.  This, in turn, would bring us down to the level of the other world powers who practice Imperialism during the turn of the 20th Century. Although America is emerging as an assertive nation during the time of the Spanish-American War, such power through violent bullying is not typical of the peaceful beliefs of our government. Imperialism , on the other hand, demands respect by a dominant entity, with the use of violent force, while stripping the less dominant country of their dignity and pride.   Clearly at the end of the 19th Century, there is a definite question of Expansion versus Imperialism/Colonialism and it will be up to the United States to choose a course of action to rise to uphold our impending status.

Annexation of Santo Domingo

Ulysses S. Grant proposed a treaty to the US Senate in 1870, hoping to annex Santo Domingo. In the treaty Grant went on to explain why we should not only add the Dominican Republic as a territory, but why we should do so rather quickly.

As I was reading the treaty, it was clear to me that there were two reasons in particular that made Grant so favorable to adding the country. One was the country's location in the Carribean. The other was the economic value that Santo Domingo was worth. In the treaty Grant says "less than 120,000 souls, yet possessing one of the richest territories under the sun". Santo Domingo is one of the islands possessing the richest of soils, perfect for harvesting several crops.

In conclusion I think we all the know the results of this proposal as Santo Domingo is not a territory of the US like its neighboring island Puerto Rico, but it leaves us wondering what could have been?

The Better Part

Booker T Washington was an educator and a reformer. He was born on April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, VA and died November 14, 1915 in Tuskegee, Ala. Between the years 1895 and 1915 he was the most influential spokesman for African-Americans. One of his major platforms was that African-Americans needed to obtain economic security through education and learning industrial skills so that they could build up wealth and culture and that would help win the respect and acceptance of the white man. In this process though the African-Americans would have to give up the fight for civil rights and essentially accept segregation until they obtained that wealth and economic security that would gain the acceptance of the white man.
In the excerpt from "The Better Part" Speech from the Peace Jubilee in Chicago on October 16, 1898 by Booker T. Washington I found the following to be very poignant:

"But there remains on other victory for Americans to win...We have succeed in every conflict except in the effort to conquer ourselves in the blotting out of racial prejudice. We can celebrate the era of peace in no more effectual way than by a firm resolve in teh part of Northern men and Southern men, black men and white man, that the trenches we together dug aroung Santiago shall be the eternal burial-place of all that separates us in our business and civil relations. Let us be as generous in peace as we have been brave in battle. Until we thus conquer ourselves...we shall have a cancer gnawing at the heart of this Republic that one day shall prove as dangerous as an atttack from an army from without or within."

I think what Booker T. Washington is trying to say is why are we able to work and live together during a war to free others from oppression but in times of peace Americans can not achieve or work toward a society in their own country where all are equal and free. I think he is also saying that if Americans cannot find a way to reslove this issue it is not an attack from an army on the outside that we need to be concerned with but we should concern ourselves with how these tensions will destroy what America stands for: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Here is another quote that I found from Booker T. Washington that I think also points out the paradox of the American society at that time:

"In all things that are purely social we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress" (from a speech he deliver in Atlanta, Ga on September 18,1895)

Click here to see the program from the Peace Jubilee in Chicago.

The Economic Basis of Imperialism

Image found on this blog, among others.

In September 1898, Charles Arthur Conant wrote an article for the North American Review entitled “The Economic Basis of Imperialism”. Imperialism was a policy which, at the time, most Americans were against. But anti-imperialism was at odds with the treasured American ideals of free markets and Capitalism.

“The United States cannot afford to adhere to a policy of isolation while other nations are reaching out for the command of these new markets… New markets and new opportunities for investment must be found if surplus capital is to be profitably employed.”

American companies were producing more goods than the country could support and exports were subject to very high tariffs in other “civilized” countries. The unending need for “new markets” for American products was used as the enticement to agreeing to imperialism. Conant characterized those new markets – namely in the Philippines and other parts of Asia – as “half-savage islands,” which clearly shows the racism and superiority that Americans felt at the time. The notion of new markets held a great appeal to Americans. The idea of losing those markets to other industrialized countries made the distasteful act of imperialism all the more appealing.

United States Invaded Our Pretty Little Garden

US invasion 1898

After many years of colonialism by Spain, Puerto Rico was granted autonomy on November 28, 1897, but it did not last long. The Spanish American War broke out in the early months of 1898 and by July 25, 1898 Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States. The island was ceded to United States by Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Rico's government became an American military government. Puerto Ricans were not given the chance to sit down at the negotiating table, or were consulted in any way; they had no voice.

"… our military forces have come to occupy your pretty little garden."

Military Bases in Puerto Rico

United States invaded Puerto Rico for military reasons. Their invasion was designed to confiscate the island of Puerto Rico from the Puerto Rican people.They thought that Puerto Rico would be a good strategic location since it is the first big island that you come to when you are coming from Europe. Puerto Rico is really far out there, and it is about 1,000 miles into the ocean away from Miami. They use the island for military bases. Once the Americans first landed in Puerto Rico, they established all kinds of military bases and took most of Culebra, most of Vieques and many other places. Today there is only one active military base, Fort Buchanan, which is located in Guaynabo.

“The sole object of our presence will be to overthrow all your old and time-honored customs, and give to the people of your beautiful island, the largest amount of work and the smallest pay consistent with military occupation.”

San German, Puerto Rico

With this came the Foraker Act of 1900, which changed its government to a civil government. This new act gave Puerto Ricans a few provisions, and one of then was a citizenship in the island, but not in the United States. The Act also changed the name from Puerto Rico to Porto Rico, because as many said, it was easier to pronounce.

"You have no laws and customs that are what we    would call wholesome…”

They not only created a legislature and a government that was control by the United States, because the governor was appointed by the president and the cabinet. They also imposed English as the official language, without caring that every single Puerto Rican spoke Spanish. For United States it was more about what we want vs. what they need.

Central Mercedita in Ponce, PR

The second reason for U.S. invasion was that there was already a lot of trade going on between Puerto Rico and United States. Puerto Rico had the products that the Americans were interested in developing. Such as sugar cane and tabaco. The Foraker Act allowed American corporations the chance to crete sugar mills (centrales) on Puerto Rican lands, but it limited their land to 500 acres. However, the U.S. government did not really enforce this, because the centrales were relatively unchecked. 

Then in 1917, president Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones Act, which became the basis of Puerto Rico’s legal status until 1948. Now Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens and could freely travel to the United States. However, behind this act was the thought of drafting soldiers for WWI. Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens against their will, and around 250,000 Puerto Ricans were eligible to be draft. However, about 20,000 Puerto Ricans were drafted during WWI.

The white mans burden

The white mans burden was a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899, this poem related to The Spanish-American War (April-July 1898) which was a brief, intense conflict that effectively ended Spain's worldwide empire and gained the United States several new possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Preceded by a naval tragedy, the destruction of USS Maine at Havana, Cuba, the Spanish-American War featured two major naval battles, one in the Philippines and the other off Cuba, plus several smaller naval clashes.

Imperialism was a major factor that led to the impact of the Spanish American War. A major issue that arouse during this war along with many others was the issue of RACE. American leaders felt that we had an obligation to over rule countries that were not as strong as our nation ( like Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam), they also felt that we were doing them a favor by Americanizing there savage culture. When people, tribes and cultures where not similar to those of the "white man", we found the urgency to try and over come those people.

The White Man's Burden, written by Rudyard Kipling 1899 touches base on how

"As with slaves before them, the colonized were viewed as entirely other: uncivilized, child like (even in the case of the Irish), Not white. These "Savage children" needed the wise counsel and stern hand of the west in order to pull themselves up and take their place among the civilized people of the world"

This poem explains how the white man took over the Philippines causing many problems because the white man wanted their land. It explains how we looked at the Filipino people as being ours that we caught and not even looking at them as human beings. For whatever reason the United states till to this day thinks that they have the power to go into ones land and do what we want to them, if we do not like what is doing on there- or in the time of the Spanish American War, we just simply did not understand them.

Take up the White man's burden --
Send forth the best ye breed --
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild --
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child

As expressed in this verse of the poem  they are not even look upon as people, but a child and a devil? The so you say "white man" wants there strongest sons and best workers to do what he want to profit for us.

The fighting that took place during the Spanish American War was brutal there was torture, rape, throat slitting, and capture. There was also much disease and famine. In a statement in Over Throw by Stephen Kinzer states from the Cleveland Plain Dealer "MA: whats the sound of running water out there, Willie? Willie: Its only us boys, Ma. We've been trying the Philippine water cure on Bobby Snow, an' now were pouring him out. The united states made sick jokes in reference to the torture that went on during a war that could have been avoided.

The united states wanted to expand for control and for money, The imperialistic era brought the United States into war and into peace, we temporally conquered land for the thought of profit with totall disregard to others because we wanted to expand for our own benefit, with no regards to other societies. "Filipinos remember those years as some of the bloodiest in their history. Americans quickly forgot that the war ever happened"( Over Throw, Stephen Kinzer)

NSC-68 A Report to the National Security Council

The NSC-68 was a report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. This document was written during the formative stages of the cold war. This document would shape U.S foreign Policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years. Truman officially signed NSC-68 on September 30, 1950.  President Truman wanted to make people conscious about the terrible wars that the world had endured, and asked his colleagues to think of other strategies to put in place in order to avoid such terrible and bloody wars.

 Within the past thirty-five years the world has experienced two global wars of tremendous violence. The government does not want this same situation to repeat again. Many people suffered the consequences of the massive war destruction caused by gun machines, torpedoes, fire bombs and ultimately the atomic bomb, which were used by powerful countries to destroy each other. In addition, because of war, the world has seen the collapse of five empires: the Ottoman, the Austro-Hungarian, German, Italian and Japanese. Furthermore, war was the major cause of the drastic decline of two major imperial systems, the British and the French. 

 The NSC-68 report was written to try to fix the errors committed by powerful countries during time of war. People desire to end the threat of war, because since the dropping of the atomic bomb there has been fear of it being used again, this time to destroy entire civilizations. The NSC-68 report called for significant peacetime military spending in which the U.S. possessed "superior overall power, in a dependable combination with other like minded nations." This means that a military power capable to defend the country and the entire Western Hemisphere is essential for the allied forces to keep peace. The capability of providing security to the nation is extremely important for the United States.

 In conclusion, this report called for the development of an adequate political and economic framework for the achievement of our long range military objectives. It was essential for the government to strengthen its political, economic, and military services for the freedom of the world.